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  • National Treatment on Internal Taxation: Revisiting GATT Article III:2
    National Treatment on Internal Taxation: Revisiting GATT Article III:2

    This paper examines GATT Article III:2 on national treatment on internal taxation. The fact that as of 1 January 2008, national treatment violations in the goods sector have been challenged in nearly 29% of the WTO complaints poin..

    Sherzod Shadikhodjaev Date 2008.05.20

    Trade policy
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    Executive Summary

    I. Introduction

    II. National Treatment and Internal Taxation: General Observations
    1. De Jure and De Facto Discrimination
    2. The Scope of Fiscal Measures
    3. Multi-Tiered Test under Article III:2

    III. The Likeness Standard
    1. "Like Product"
    2. "Directly Competitive or Substitutable Products"
    3. The “Aim-and-Effect” Test

    IV. Discriminatory Threshold
    1. "In Excess of"
    2. "Not Similarly Taxed"

    V. Protective Application

    VI. National Treatment under Korea FTAs

    VII. Conclusion

    References
    Appendix
    Summary
    This paper examines GATT Article III:2 on national treatment on internal taxation. The fact that as of 1 January 2008, national treatment violations in the goods sector have been challenged in nearly 29% of the WTO complaints points to the great importance of the national treatment principle in the multilateral trading system on the one hand, and temptation of WTO Members to protect domestic production through internal taxes and regulations on the other. Cases involving de facto discrimination against foreign goods will increase in number given the sophistication of governments' protectionist policy. (The rest is omitted.)
  • Korea’s Development Policy Experience and Implications for Developing Countries
    Korea's Development Policy Experience and Implications for Developing Countries

    This book is a collection of 23 selected papers that the author has wrote while he was associated with Korea Development Institute, Korea International Economic Institute (the present Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and T..

    Chuk Kyo Kim Date 2008.05.08

    Economic development, Economic development
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    Content
    Acknowledgements
    Preface
    Introduction

    Part I. Development Policy, Development Planning, and Role of Government
    1. Korea's Development Strategy, Development Policy, and Performance: A Historical Overview
    2. Development Planning and Policy-Making Process in Korea
    3. Target Setting and Major Policy Direction for Paraguay during 1999–2003

    Part II. Trade and Industrial Policy Issues
    4. Evolution of Trade and Industrial Policy in Korea
    5. Ancillary Firm Development in the Korean Automotive Industry
    6. Development of Industrial Subcontracting in Korea
    7. An Industrial Development Strategy for Indonesia: Lessons from the South Korean Experience

    Part III. Industrial Development and Productivity Growth
    8. Exports and Productivity Trends of the Korean Manufacturing Industries
    9. Industrial Growth and Productivity Change in Korea
    10. Productivity Growth in Sri Lankan Manufacturing and Policy Implications

    Part IV. SMEs Development Policy
    11. SMEs Development, SMEs Policy Approaches, Achievements and Constraints in the Republic of Korea
    12. Korea's SMEs Development Policy and Its Implications for Indonesia
    13. SMEs and Technology Development in Malaysia 14. On the Development of SMEs in Costa Rica
    Part V. Science and Technology Policy
    15. Evolution of Science and Technology Policy in Korea
    16. Technological Innovation and Innovation Process of SMEs in Korea
    17. Industrial Development and Science and Technology Policy in Taiwan

    Part VI. Fiscal Policy Issues
    18. Reform of Budget System
    19. The Growth Pattern of Central Government Expenditure in Korea

    Part VII. Liberalization Policy and Korea-US Trade
    20. Liberalization Policy in Korea's Development Process
    21. Prospects/Problems for the Korean Economy and Implications for Korea-US Trade

    Part VIII. Financial Crisis and Policy Response
    22. On the Origins of Korean Financial Crisis: An Institutional Approach
    23. The Financial Crisis and Government Policy Measures
    Summary
    This book is a collection of 23 selected papers that the author has wrote while he was associated with Korea Development Institute, Korea International Economic Institute (the present Korea Institute for Industrial Economics and Trade), and Korea Institute for International Economic Policy, as well as while working as a consultant for various international organizations such as ADB, UNDP, and UNIDO. The author also worked as an advisor to various agencies of the Korean government, participating in the formulation of Korea's five-year plans until the early 1990s. The papers brought together in this volume are a reflection of the author's long development policy and research experiences, and they cover mostly the policy issues related to either the development of the Korean economy or that of the countries for which the author worked as a consultant. (The rest is omitted.)
  • 한·미 FTA 이후 미국 정부조달시장 진출전략
    The Strategy of Participating in the U.S. Government Procurement

    The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States would likely provide more access to the U.S. government procurement contracts by reducing the contract threshold and improving the requirement for participation. As Korean gove..

    Jione Jung et al. Date 2008.04.30

    Business management, Free trade
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    Summary
    The Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with the United States would likely provide more access to the U.S. government procurement contracts by reducing the contract threshold and improving the requirement for participation. As Korean government advertises the positive results of the FTA negotiation, Korean firms, particularly small and medium-sized businesses show great interests on participating in U.S. government procurement market. The objective of this study is to propose the firm strategies and government support plans to participate in the U.S. government procurement contracts. Firms that have experience of government procurement in the United States tells that to be successful in the U.S. government procurement market, the most important thing is to ask oneself if the U.S. government is a right market for selling its prouduct or service before deciding on bidding. The advantage of government procurement is that once a contract is awarded, the contract likely lasts long, while the bidding process is complicated and time and money consumes. Also recently, the competition between firms becomes tougher. Therefore, a firm should differentiate the contents and qualities of the product from others. The role of the government is to encourage more firms to participate and support their efforts. The government programs currently available need a major upgrade. A support system should be newly constructed by integrating similar programs managed by related agencies and by developing each agency's special area. (The rest is omitted.)
  • FDI Inflows, Exports and Economic Growth in First and Second Generation ANIEs
    FDI Inflows, Exports and Economic Growth in First and Second Generation ANIEs

    Using time-series and panel data from 1981 to 2005, this paper examines the Granger causality relations between GDP, exports, and FDI among the three first generation Asian newly industrializing economies (ANIEs): Korea, Taiwan, S..

    Yongkul Won et al. Date 2008.04.22

    Foreign direct investment
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    Content
    Executive Summary

    I. Introduction

    II. East and Southeast Asia in the World Economy
    1. Real GDP Per Capita of the ANIEs
    2. The Trade Structure of the First and Second Generation ANIEs
    3. The FDI Structure of the First and Second Generation ANIEs

    III. Characteristics of the Individual ANIEs Country Data

    IV. Review of Theoretical Literature

    V. Review of Recent Empirical Literature

    VI. Analytical Framework

    VII. Individual Economy's Granger Causality Test
    1. Unit Root and Cointegration Tests
    2. The VAR Model and Granger Causality Test

    VIII. Panel Data Granger Causality Test
    1. Panel Data Unit Root Tests
    2. Panel Data VAR and Granger Causality Test

    IX. Conclusions

    References

    Appendix
    Appendix A. Data Sources
    Appendix B. Harmonized System Categories
    Summary
    Using time-series and panel data from 1981 to 2005, this paper examines the Granger causality relations between GDP, exports, and FDI among the three first generation Asian newly industrializing economies (ANIEs): Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, and the four second generation Asian newly industrializing economies (ANIEs): Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand, in addition to China. We first show the difference between the first and second generation ANIEs in terms of real GDP per capita, trade structure, and inward FDI, and find some individual characters of each economy. After reviewing the current literature and testing the properties of individual time-series data, we estimate the VAR of the three variables to find various Granger causal relations for each of the seven economies. (The rest is omitted.)
  • 한국의 시장개방 효과에 관한 연구: 무역 및 투자 부문
    한국의 시장개방 효과에 관한 연구: 무역 및 투자 부문

    Jin Kyo Suh et al. Date 2007.12.31

    Economic opening, Economic cooperation
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    Summary
  • India’s Economic Cooperation with Partner Countries: Current Status and Po..
    India's Economic Cooperation with Partner Countries: Current Status and Potential

    This book traces the development of India's external economic policy right from Independence to present day. India followed a closed-door and almost autarkic economic policy. This was the outcome of someextraordinarily trying circ..

    Anjan Roy Date 2007.12.30

    Economic cooperation, Trade policy
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    Content
    Acknowledgement
    Introduction

    Part I
    1. Political Economics of India's Trade and Commercial Policy

    Part II
    2. New Paradigm in India's Economic Cooperation with Partner Countries－Current Status and Potential
    3. Indian Bilateral Economic Relations
    Section 3.1. India-US trade and investment linkages
    Section 3.2. India-US: Key areas for economic cooperation
    Section 3.3. India-China trade and investment linkages
    Section 3.4. India-China: Key areas for economic cooperation
    Section 3.5. India-Russia trade and investment linkages
    Section 3.6. India-Russia: Key areas for economic cooperation
    Section 3.7. India-Japan trade and investment linkages
    Section 3.8. India-Japan: Key areas for economic cooperation
    Section 3.9. India-EU trade and investment linkages
    Section 3.10. India-EU: Key areas for economic cooperation Concluding Observations

    References
    Executive Summary
    Summary
    This book traces the development of India's external economic policy right from Independence to present day. India followed a closed-door and almost autarkic economic policy. This was the outcome of some
    extraordinarily trying circumstances through which the country passed immediately after Independence. However, the autarkic policies were further queered by the mind-set of politicians and policy-makers about domestic shortages and ability to meet international obligations, until some of their fears actually resulted in the economic crisis of 1991-92. (The rest is omitted.)
  • 주요국의 대중앙아시아 통상전략 및 시사점
    Major Countries' Trade Policy toward Central Asia and the Implications for Korea

    Since the Soviet Union disappeared into the history, the Central Asia has been emerged as one of the regions rapidly gaining huge attentions over the world. Under the new international order dynamically formulated in the Eurasian ..

    Sang-Nam Park et al. Date 2007.12.30

    Trade policy, Foreign direct investment
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    Summary
    Since the Soviet Union disappeared into the history, the Central Asia has been emerged as one of the regions rapidly gaining huge attentions over the world. Under the new international order dynamically formulated in the Eurasian Continent, indeed, the Central Asia has been frequently taken places in the world politics. There can be three factors which resulted the new international conditions in this region.
    First of all, the Central Asia owns the traditional value which is described as the geopolitically strategic region, being located at the crossroad of the East and West and the Christianity and Islam. Secondly, it is the geo-strategically important region since the Russian-led "Eurasian vector" and the U.S.-led "Transpacific vector" come to collision in the heart of the Central Asia. Lastly, in terms of the geo-economy, the Central Asia has been recently gaining emphaseswith its abundant energy and natural resources. For this reason, the value of the Central Asia, as the possible alternative to the unstable Middle East, has been increased among the international communities facing with soaring high price of hydrocarbon. (The rest is omitted.)
  • 주요국의 대러시아 통상전략 및 시사점
    Major countries' trade policy toward Russia and its implication for Korea

    This study is roughly classified into five parts ― trade policies of the EU, the U.S., China, and Japan towards Russia, and its implications for Korea. (The rest is omitted.)

    Jong-Man Han Date 2007.12.30

    Economic relations, Economic cooperation
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    Summary
    This study is roughly classified into five parts ― trade policies of the EU, the U.S., China, and Japan towards Russia, and its implications for Korea. (The rest is omitted.)
  • 볼리비아의 자원민족주의와 천연가스산업 재편의 전개와 의미
    Resource Nationalism and the Restructuring of the Natural Gas Industry of Bolivia

    In May 2006, president Evo Morales announced the "nationalization" of the country's oil and gas industry. The "nationalization" of Bolivia's oil and gas industry came realized in October 2006 when the Bolivian government signed ne..

    Sanghyun Yi Date 2007.12.30

    Competition policy, Economic development
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    Summary
    In May 2006, president Evo Morales announced the "nationalization" of the country's oil and gas industry. The "nationalization" of Bolivia's oil and gas industry came realized in October 2006 when the Bolivian government signed new exploration and development contracts with the companies operating in Bolivia.
    By analyzing the restructuring process of Bolivia's natural gas industry, this research aims to identify practical and theoretical meanings of the recent emergence of resource nationalism around the world. First, the Bolivian case shows that the recent emergence of resource nationalism in Bolivia is not an impromptu policy but a historical product. That is, the resource nationalism in Bolivia has evolved with various historical experiences. Also, the case of Bolivia's natural gas industry confirms that emerging resource nationalism in Bolivia tends to emphasize practical goals while the past form of resource nationalism focused more on ideological goals. The main contents of Bolivia's gas "nationalization" in 2006 are expanding role of the state energy company, YPFB, in the industry and raising tax and royalty contribution imposed to the existing companies. In this sense, the restructuring of Bolivia's gas industry aims at maximizing profits without adamantly trying to change its ownership. According to the evidences presented in this study, several conditions created the present form of practical resource nationalism; 1) the historical experience of negative consequences from the past form of radical resource nationalism, 2) the structural limitations of Bolivian gas industry where investor turned out to be major consumers, and 3) the previous energy industry liberalization policies that achieved neither the Constitutional revision nor the transfer of its ownership from the state to the private. (The rest is omitted.)
  • 페론이즘의 변천과 아르헨티나 경제모델의 평가 및 전망
    Peronism and its Transformation within Argentine Economic Developnent Models: Historical Assessments and Prospects

    Historically, Argentina has experienced successive political and economic crises during the 20th century. The structural background of these repeated crises exists in which Argentine development models always confronted unharmoni..

    Sang Sub Ha Date 2007.12.30

    Economic development
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    Summary
    Historically, Argentina has experienced successive political and economic crises during the 20th century. The structural background of these repeated crises exists in which Argentine development models always confronted unharmonious and have a feud between state-led strategy and market-driven one. In this context, particularly Peronism and its ideological meanings always centered in its conflict and have transformed throughout Argentine history. Since the 1930s, it has mainly played great roles to be pitted against each other as a mechanism in decision-making processes both structures and actors. That is, it even played a primary role in deciding directions and contents of development in Argentine political economy, worked as pendulum swings towards the state, or market's rule. In addition, changes in the alignment of various political and economic actors have been involved within this confronted development structure. This research paper aims to identify the long-term structural development and actors around Argentine Peronism and analyze periodical transformation of its roles around Peronist ideas in Argentine political economic history until today. (The rest is omitted.)
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